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Never Again Never Again Holocaust Quote

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Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never once again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 verse form past Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never over again shall Masada fall!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. The verbal meaning of the phrase is debated, including whether information technology should exist used as a particularistic command to avert a second Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to forestall all forms of genocide. Information technology was adopted as a slogan by Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League.

The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and information technology besides appears on many Holocaust memorials. It has also been appropriated every bit a political slogan for other causes, from commemoration of the 1976 Argentine coup, the promotion of gun command or abortion rights, and equally an injunction to fight against terrorism after the September 11 attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Form the Antinazifront! Recollect the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"[1]

The slogan "Never again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 ballsy poem, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan.[2] [three] The poem is about the siege of Masada, in which a group of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out against Roman armies and, according to fable, committed mass suicide rather than be captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an case of Jewish heroism. Considered one of the most significant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada achieved massive popularity among Zionists in the land of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a part of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.[4] In postwar Israel, the behavior of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the behavior of the defenders of Masada:[2] [iii] the former were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.[five]

Betwixt 1941 and 1945, Nazi Deutschland and its allies murdered about six million Jews in a genocide which became known equally the Holocaust.[6] The Nazi endeavor to implement their final solution to the Jewish question took place during World War II in Europe. The beginning use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration camp displayed it in various languages on handmade signs.[7] [8] Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction between political prisoners, who invoked "never again" equally part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades as the Holocaust was universalised.[8] According to the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Man Rights was adopted in 1948 considering "the international community vowed never once again to let" the atrocities of World War 2, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the same year.[ix] [x] Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of State of israel was predicated on the injunction to remember a history of destruction—the destruction of two Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen again".[2] The slogan "never again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the finish of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.[xi]

Definition [edit]

Never Again! A Plan for Survival (1972)

Co-ordinate to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would exist an enormous task. Suffice information technology to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative form as a speech act, orders someone to resolve that something shall not happen for a second fourth dimension. The someone, in the first instance, is a Jew; the something is usually called the Holocaust."[12] Kellner suggests that it is related to the "biblical imperative of retention" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy five:15, "And remember that thou wast a retainer in the state of Egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and past a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).[12] Information technology is also closely related to the biblical control in Exodus 23:9: "You shall non oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the land of Arab republic of egypt."[xiii]

The initial significant of the phrase, used by Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was detail to the Jewish community only the phrase's meaning was later broadened to other genocides.[xiii] It is still a matter of fence whether "Never again" refers primarily to Jews ("Never again tin can we allow Jews to exist victims of some other Holocaust") or whether it has a universal pregnant ("Never again shall the world permit genocide to take place anywhere confronting any grouping"). Withal, most politicians utilise it in the latter sense.[7] The phrase is used commonly in postwar German language politics, but it has different meanings. According to one estimation, because Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political idea and an extreme form of indigenous nationalism, all forms of High german nationalism should be rejected. Other politicians contend that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German identity should be congenital.[xiv]

Writing about the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A past though often recent humiliation, and an emphasis on erstwhile victimhood, can lead to a communal desire for a show of strength that can easily plow tearing."[15] Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defense League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a call to arms that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.[11] [3] [16] The Jewish Defense force League song included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and lonely widows: / Never again will our people'southward blood exist shed by h2o, / Never again will such things be heard in Judea." Later on Kahane'due south expiry in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must always be remembered for the slogan 'Never Again,' which for so many became the boxing weep of post-Holocaust Jewry."[eleven]

Contemporary usage [edit]

According to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish customs'south attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed up in the moral philosophy of 'Never Again.'"[13] What this meant was that the Jews would not permit themselves to be victimized.[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,[8] [2] including memorials at Treblinka extermination camp[two] and Dachau concentration military camp,[18] too as in commemoration of the Rwanda genocide.[19]

It is in broad employ by Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke it for a diversity of purposes.[7] [19] In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never again' becomes more than a slogan: It's a prayer, a promise, a vow... never again the glorification of base of operations, ugly, dark violence." The U.s. Holocaust Memorial Museum made the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to look out for the "alert signs" of genocide.[xi]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "once powerful admonition [has] become a platitude" because it is repeatedly used fifty-fifty as genocides continue to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to just occur after information technology is already over.[7] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has become empty and overused.[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, accept noted that genocide has continued to occur, not never again just "time and over again" or "once again and again" after Earth War II.[9] [20] [21] [19] [seven] [17] In 2020, several critics of the Chinese authorities used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.[22] [23] [24] [25] On ane March 2022, after the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center was hit by Russian missiles and shells during the battle of Kyiv, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never again" ways not being silent nearly Russia'due south aggression, lest history echo itself.[26]

Multiple United States presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. West. Bush-league in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, have promised that the Holocaust would non happen again, and that activity would be forthcoming to cease genocide.[nineteen] [ix] [11] Even so, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Cambodia in Carter's case, Anfal genocide during Reagan's presidency, Bosnia for Bush and Clinton, Rwanda under Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.[27] [9] Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never again" were upheld "there would be no Kingdom of cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."[28] Totten argued that the phrase would only recover its gravitas if "no 1 merely those who are truly serious about preventing another Holocaust" invoked it.[seven]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in almanac commemorations of the 1976 Argentine coup, to emphasize continued opposition to military coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to republic and human rights.[29] [xxx] "Never over again" has besides been used in commemoration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Human activity.[xi]

After the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush-league alleged that terrorism would be allowed to triumph "never again". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of not-citizens in armed forces courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted past his administration. Bush commented, "Foreign terrorists and agents must never over again exist immune to use our freedoms against the states." His words echoed a speech that his father had given after winning the Gulf State of war: "never again be held hostage to the darker side of homo nature".[31]

The phrase has been used by political advocacy groups Never Again Action, which opposes immigration detention in the United states of america, and by Never Again MSD, a group that campaigns against gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.[11] [32]

Run across also [edit]

  • Responsibility to protect
  • The war to end state of war
  • Never forget
  • Lest we forget

References [edit]

  1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Class the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis/ Death TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on four June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d east Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America. Harvard University Printing. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-2. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Philologos (vi May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Again"?". Mosaic Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved half-dozen May 2020.
  4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Printing. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-4. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  5. ^ Feldman, Yael S. (2013). ""Non equally Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Memory, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. 19 (three): 139–169. doi:ten.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.139. S2CID 162015828.
  6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United states of america Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Totten, Samuel (2016). "What Near "Other" Genocides? An Educator's Dilemma or an Educator's Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Education: Fundamental Issues and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-ane-317-64808-half dozen. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
  9. ^ a b c d Power, Samantha (1998). "Never Again: The World's Virtually Unfullfilled Promise | The Earth's Near Wanted Man". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
  10. ^ "Universal Annunciation". United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "How the Holocaust motto Never Once more became a rallying cry for gun command". Jewish Telegraphic Bureau. eight March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  12. ^ a b Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Again" is Now". History and Theory. 33 (2): 127–128. doi:10.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
  13. ^ a b c Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved half dozen May 2020.
  14. ^ Art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge University Printing. p. twenty. ISBN978-1-139-44883-3. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Again". In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  16. ^ School, Lee C. Bollinger Dean Academy of Michigan Law (1986). The Tolerant Guild. Oxford University Press, U.s.. p. 274. ISBN978-0-xix-802104-9. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved xix October 2020.
  17. ^ a b Gubkin, Liora (2007). You Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Memory in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers University Printing. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-ane. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved nineteen Oct 2020.
  18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Retention and Forgetting in the Post-Holocaust Era: The Ideals of Never Again. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-03375-2. Archived from the original on iv June 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Catastrophe: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-1-351-93052-ix. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved xix October 2020.
  20. ^ "Genocide: "Never again" has get "fourth dimension and once again"". Office of the Un High Commissioner for Human Rights. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  21. ^ McCallum, Luke (6 April 2019). "Publications". International Association of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Age of Genocide." In the backwash of the Holocaust, the slogan "never again" was coined; yet since 1945 we accept seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to proper noun just a few.
  22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (3 December 2019). "Prc Must Answer for Cultural Genocide in Court". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (14 September 2020). "Europe said 'never again.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  24. ^ Sartor, Nina (3 December 2020). ""Never Again" all over again". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on seven February 2021. Retrieved three February 2021.
  25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 August 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Pregnant Of 'Never Again'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on vii March 2021. Retrieved three February 2021.
  26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (1 March 2022). "Russia strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved one March 2022.
  27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Administration Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on ten January 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  28. ^ Rieff, David (1 February 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", un compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentina: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". France 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 Dec 2019. Retrieved vi May 2020.
  31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Once again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-4. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Within Never Again Action". Jewish Periodical. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

External links [edit]

harveythades.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again

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